第十三修正案

第十三条修正案第一款的内容是“在合众国境内受合众国管辖的任何地方，奴隶制和强制劳役都不得存在，但作为对于依法判罪的人的犯罪的惩罚除外。” 南北战争之后，南方依靠奴隶制运行的经济崩溃，劳动力缺失，第十三修正案出台，而它在实际运行上的漏洞也被迅速利用起来，大量黑人因为街头流浪罪、滞留罪等被关押，一夜之间囚犯潮席卷了美利坚。此时白人在文学以及影视这类自己掌控的领域中贬低和动物化黑人的形象，种族隔离政策，3k党的恐怖主义卷土重来，新闻上频繁出现黑人犯罪(远高于实际的黑人犯罪率的频率)，各种媒介的宣传使黑人的社会形象与罪犯捆绑。 尼克松的顾问曾亲口承认了“毒品战争”只是为了让更多的非裔美国人被关进监狱:“尼克松1968年参加选举时有两大敌人：反战左翼和黑人。我们于是将嬉皮士与大麻、黑人与海洛因联系起来，然后将两者都判为重罪。我们因此可以分解这些团体，逮捕他们的领袖、袭击他们的家、阻止他们集会。我们知道我们在毒品问题上说谎了吗？当然！” 历代美国总统的政策也是具有这类明确导向性的，尼克松开启的“毒品战争”被里根扩大化，老布什强调打击犯罪，比尔·克林顿签署“三振出局”（Three Strikes and You're Out）法案。 对于黑人的大规模定罪，一步步造就了美国的高监禁率以及基层警力的堆积，根据影片中的数据，美国2016年监狱人口大约为230万，出于好奇我搜索了同时期中国的监狱人口，是近200万。而在美国监狱的230万人中，40%是黑人，但黑人仅仅占据美国人口的6.5%，这是一个惊人的统计数据。 当然这类大规模入狱会创造出新的社会问题，贫穷的黑人可能会因为犯罪或是警方无端的怀疑被逮捕，而他们没钱缴纳保释金只能与检察官做控罪交易，有罪或是无罪的黑人都因为有罪进了监狱，而监狱外可能是他们的孩子，独自在外为了生活重蹈他们的覆辙，几代人的都陷入同样的困境。 ALLE操控了监狱相关立法，而这个组织里的企业几乎涵盖了监狱里所有的产业，私人监狱(CCA)，监狱餐，对外电话，罪犯医疗，他们提高了对于罪犯们服务的价格却降低了服务质量以此牟利。罪犯们拿着不到2美元每小时的工资，却为投资的企业创造数十倍甚至上百倍上千倍的经济利益。监狱已经成为了一条巨大的产业链，改革则会破坏经济生态。 监狱内的黑人无法积累财富，而当他们偿还了社会出狱后也不能回归正常的社会生活，人生基本无望，虽然影片没有提及，但我的猜想是他们可能还是会重操旧业，进行着犯罪与监狱的轮回。 监狱复合型产业所依靠的是奴隶制的延续，奴隶制瓦解了但犯人租赁这种新的体系又被设计、建构了，黑人真的逃出生天了吗，我想没有，他们还在这个无尽的循环中寻找出口，而美国积重难返。 影片将一个个对黑人不公的法律事例串联起来，警察对于黑人的暴力执法，无辜的黑人入狱或被虐待等等，再通过精准的音乐选取将片段衔接，让我沉浸于影片传达的情绪和内容当中，但是看完便会反应过来，影片中弱化了关于黑人犯罪的内容，无辜者入狱相较于真正的犯罪者来说肯定占少数，但并无大碍，影片中指出的问题仍然存在，是的有的黑人确实犯罪了，可犯罪者也值得公正的对待，他们需要罪刑相适应，轻罪者不该受重刑，他们需要合理的对待，犯罪者的人权仍然重要，监狱也急需革新。

花了三天时间，终于啃完了生肉，不得不说，监狱经济真是百万漕工衣食所系啊。ALEC的成员几乎把监狱相关的产业包圆了，CCA负责经营私人监狱；American Bail Coalition负责研发生产GPS监控脚镣手环；Securus technologies 给监狱安电话的；Aramark做监狱餐；Corizon healthcare 为犯人提供医疗；Unicor 则是监狱富士康，prison labor be free labor……

但是讲道理，把监狱经济作为奴隶经济的延续是否合理值得商榷，目前来说，黑命攸关作为民权运动是进步的，但更进一步，更激进的批判性种族理论是否合理，就值得商榷了，批判性种族理论如今已经成为美国显学，其对美国立国之本的颠覆不可谓不大，这种新的意识形态到底是对历史的回调，还是矫枉过正目前还未可知。只不过美国各大学人人过关总是让人有不好的联想，只能说环球同此凉热。总体而言，纪录片本身节奏和配乐是大师级别，值得一看

Civil movement; rhetoric into increasing crime; criminalizing the black; drug issue is treated as a crime instead of a health issue

Coin the term

War on drugs

Reagan turn the literal term into reality => mass incarceration; takes the problem of economic inequality, hyper-segregation in American cities and the problem of drug abuse and criminalize all of that in the form of drug

Generation of education

Crack cocaine is cheaper therefore more prevalent in coloured community. By putting harsher sentencing on crack cocaine, black are persecuted harsher.

Increasing spending on law enforcement (policing, jails); more funding militarization of police department

Media outlet portrays the black as super predators, and it is effective. Generation of black grows up in this rhetoric. Black parents support policies that discriminate their own children

War on drug is essentially war on coloured community

It is a political strategy

Play on law and order, and fear of crimes

Southern strategy

Educate a public for years, decades to believe that black is dangerous, and black also believes that.

Won election around the fear on the black

Deliberately depicting the black as criminals

Primitive American fear; a staple of white imagination

“Being tough on crime” political environment forces democrat to take the same stances and take a more centrist stance

Considerations over Circumstances around a case are overlooked; prosecutors> judges

Black panthers

Black leaders were came after “stripe out a whole generation with leadership”. Black is vulnerable and unable to protect themselves

Fred Hampton

Companies that make money off mass incarceration => incentives to lobby policies to put money in prisons.

Inmates become cheap labour and work for big corporations

Too poor to get out; can’t pay the bail

Most people chose not to go to trails. Pleading guilty to crimes they didn’t commit just because the thought of going to jail for what the mandatory minimums are is so excruciating

If you exercise that right to a trial, and you are convicted, we will punish you more.

Punished him for having the audacity to not take a plea deal and to want to take it to trial

Take that plea and commit to something you didn’t do?

Once in jail, lose the right to vote

Historically, when one looks at efforts to create reforms, they inevitably lead to more repression.

Throughout American history, African American has repeatedly bee controlled through systems of racial and social control that appear to die but then are reborn that tailored to the needs and constraints of the time

Mass criminalization and incarceration

To ignore that racial heritage, to ignore that historical context means that you can’t have an informed debate about the current state of blacks and police relationships today cause this didn’t just appear out of nothing. This is the product of a centuries-long historical process

这部是继OJ记录系列后又一部我要一点一点看一点一点理解的片了

种族歧视的原因到底是什么？看这部片的时候我一直在想 看到尼克松的政策之后感叹 如果有机会谁不是希特勒呢，只是随着时代的变化你要学着去做得更隐晦。电影里是这么说的“以前你都是黑鬼黑鬼地叫，现在不行了，你得说公民权利 州政策”

实话说，看完《林肯》我真的觉得黑人自由了但最后老爷子在念法案的时候我又总觉得不对，现在想想是这样.尼克松成功利用十三法案的漏洞来强烈暗示 黑人都是罪犯，罪犯则不配拥有平等

很多总统们开发出的高尚很多的手法 有别于奥斯维辛而内核却没有一点点哪怕是一点点的差别.强效可卡因与可卡因 毒品战争 南方政策 图里就是目的。这样的的确确 让人又这种想法“黑人都是罪犯”或“黑人更可能是罪犯”而之后观念遗传给黑人小孩，黑人犯罪率死循环就这样形成了。

到布什 犯罪等于黑人 让他赢得竞选

柯灵顿的three strikes之类的政策让罪犯刑罚加重 也都加强了这种观念且潜移默化更深

电影讨论到了黑人不被保护的原因。黑人殉道者像弗雷德汉普顿 阿萨塔萨库尔 马丁路德金 甚至你可以说林肯 等等等等 无一例外都是刺杀 所有上帝派来的人 都还没开始就结束了

“人们从未关注过，黑人女孩遭白人男性强奸犯罪率远高于黑人男性对白人女性”

所以你说谁才是罪犯呢

零零散散的时间里看完这部纪录片，跨越了一整年，在第一次点开时，George Floyed还没有被警察按在地上窒息而死，还没有发生接二连三涉及种族歧视的枪击案。

这本纪录片回答了一个困扰我很久的问题，

美国警察为什么拥有如此大的权力？为什么暴力执法引起了如此普遍的民怨却始终没有执法改革？

The police, is only one part of the Criminal Justice System, which promotes mass incarcination. 大规模监禁，使得警察能够更轻易地将街上的黑人，判定为“criminal”并投进监狱里。

为什么会有大规模监禁呢？

The answer to this is firstly, this policy was set in the 1960s-70s, when at that time, crime rate set the record. In order to curtail this and maintian social order, the White House increase the policy force.

Secondly, this is opperated by capitalism. When the prison was privorized. the politicians are persuaded to put more people into the prison, as the larger number of the prisoner is , the more porfit individualed prison will make. In this case, punishment on the criminals is the source of the income. And thus, inmates are not treated as human in prison, where they are fed with bad meal, faced with punch and unexpected violence, deprived of the sensation and emotion. They are dehumanized.

Behind the harsh criminal legislation, is the unbalanced proportion of black criminal. Everyone in three black man will be in prison some time during their life. Is this because they have the criminal tendancy? Or is this because they have been suffering prejudice for a long time? I believe, is the latter.

大规模监禁的alternatives是什么？

Commnity supervison? This is more bleak. As the prisoners themselves said, they would be more discriminated and wearing invisible carb everywhere.

除了黑人群体，这部纪录片还关注了一个人群——美洲移民。

There is a special word created for this -- crimigation, literally meaning every migrate is casually or purposely regarded as potentially criminal. Thousands of them were put into the prison, told it is just "temporary detention", which turned out to be an euphemism of " imprisonment".

在监狱的高墙背后发生着什么？

Violence, violence from your mates, from guards. Rains of punches that would make you unconsious, that would fall on you out of blue.

Solidarity. It's hard to say whether those people could tell what is the taste of solidarity. What would the life be, for a teenager, kept in the single-room for fourteen years? No window, a room which is just fit for you to lie down. 14 years, the only one who might communicate with you, is your guard. Could he keep hope and sensation? Could you, if you were him?

Darkness. Not everyone in prison is criminal. They could be the one who is deprived of the opportunity to be trialed. There is a term to describe this--" plea bargain" .

我们的时代是在一直进步，越来越好的吗？

While lots of people acknowledge how brutal the slavery system was, how inhumane the Black were treated in the last century, we tend to be blind from what is happening behind the bars. It is undenying that the racial justice is advancing, but there is a long way to go. We should be aware of what is happening in somewhere unseen.