维特根斯坦

     听朋友说起人大教授余虹自杀的事，看到媒体象侦探似的反复追寻为何“一个学识渊博，正值学术研究壮年的人就以死了却一生”，终究没有找到确切的解释，有人甚至觉得于国家社会“这是一种不负责任的做法”。
 
     自杀，我以为除了生活极度压迫和科学家认为导致忧郁症的某种化学物质外，有些很难解释，象王国维、海明威...。自杀象埋在心里的一个种子，会发芽长大，直到把你笼罩湮灭。我想起刚看的电影《维特根斯坦》里最后说的一个故事（原文）：
     曾经有个年轻人，他想把世界简化到纯粹的逻辑里。因为他非常聪明，也确实做到了。他在完成时，回首看着、欣赏着。一个非常美丽，摒除了不完美和不确定的新世界，象闪耀的冰面无边无际的延伸到天边。那个聪明的年轻人环视他所创造的世界，决定探索它。可是当他向前迈出第一步，立即摔倒了。你看，他忘了摩擦力。冰面平坦光滑，洁净无瑕，但是人无法在上面行走。聪明的年轻人坐在那里不禁流下心碎的眼泪。
     当他成长为一个智慧的老人时，他开始理解粗糙和混沌并不是缺陷，世界就是因此而运转。他想奔跑舞蹈，顿时语言失去光泽，模糊不清；世界支离破碎，散落一地。智慧的老人知道这就是事物的本来面目。但在他的内心依然怀念着那纯净的世界，那里的一切闪耀着纯粹的光芒。虽然他甚至已经日渐喜欢那坑坑洼洼的地面，但无法让自己在那里安顿下来。现在他在地面和冰面之间徘徊，哪里都不是他的归宿。这是他所有悲痛的来由。
 
     我想余教授大概是厌倦了这种旅人的疲惫。英国历史家艾伦－布劳克在《西方人文主义传统》中写道：“要想超乎人的状态是一种危险的诱惑。人若能学会接受自己的实际面目，就会快活一些，好过一些。”维特根斯坦说：“我真的很想写一本完全由笑话组成的哲学书，可惜的是我缺乏幽默感。”
 
     我骨子里也没有什么幽默感，不过刚收到一个礼物：一条织了两年的围巾，可以抵御些许冰的冷吧。

    If people did not sometimes do silly things,nothing intelligent would ever get done.

    In art, it is hard to say anything as good as saying nothing.

    One must understand, or die..
   
    When two principles meet and cannot be reconciled one another,then each calls the other fool or heresy.
 
    We must improve ourselves. That's all we can do to better the world.
    
    To imagine a language is to imagine a form of life.

    We imagine the meaning of what you say as something queer, mysterious, hidden from view.But nothing is hidden. Everything is opened up to view.

    Philosophy hunts for the essence of meaning.But There Is No Such Thing !

    It is the philosophers who muddy the water.

    When you want to know the meaning of words, don't look at the side of yourself.
 
    Philosophy is just a byproduct of misunderstanding language.
    
    The limit of my language is the limits of my world. We keep running against the wall of our cages.

    (Wittgenstein wants to do some manual labor in Soviet Union.)
    -It is absolutely out of the question.The one thing that is not in short of in Soviet Union is unskilled labor.

    (Russel is talking about Johnny.)
     -You're forcing your own self-hatred onto their son.(Johnny's parents are both labors.)

    -It's my business to stop you from infecting too many young men.

    -All upper crust idealize to common folks.

    Salvation is the only thing that concerns me.And I know we are not here to have a good time.
   
    Philosophy is a sickness of the mind.

    Living in a world such a love is illegal, to live open and honest is absolutely impossible.

    The soul is the prisoner of his own body. And it's locked out from contact with others by the walls of their bodies.

    I want to get ride of this picture. We are what we are only because we share a common language and common forms of life.

    Do You Understand What I'm Saying ?
 
    What I meant was that I tried to show the sort of things that philosophy could say, and these aren't really important. What's much more important is all the things it can't articulate.

    Philosopher in no sense can question them.Philosophy leaves everything exactly what it is.

    We learn to use words because we belong to a culture,a form of life, a practical way of doing things.…All this is public affair.

    Don't be afraid of dying. It is death that give life meaning and shape.

    -I'd quite like to have composed a philosophy work which consists entirely of jokes.
    -Why didn't you?
    -Sadly I didn't have a sense of humor.

    (Thinks to @queeniepku, I needn't to type in all these words!:)
    Let me tell you a little story. There was once a young man who dreamed of reducing the world to pure logic. Because he was a very clever young man, he actually managed to do it. And when he'd finished his work, he stood back and admired it. It was beautiful. A world purged of imperfection and indeterminacy. Countless acres of gleaming ice stretching to the horizon. So the clever young man looked around the world he had created, and decided to explore it. He took one step forward and fell flat on his back. You see, he had forgotten about friction. The ice was smooth and level and stainless, but you couldn't walk there. So the clever young man sat down and wept bitter tears.
    But as he grew into a wise old man, he came to understand that roughness and ambiguity aren't imperfections. They're what make the world turn. He wanted to run and dance. And the words and things scattered upon this ground were all battered and tarnished and ambiguous, and the wise old man saw that that was the way things were. But something in him was still homesick for the ice, where everything was radiant and absolute and relentless. Though he had come to like the idea of the rough ground, he couldn't bring himself to live there.
     So now he was marooned between earth and ice, at home in neither. And this was the cause of all his grief.

     (At last,here comes Mr,Green.)
     -Solution to the riddle of life and space and time lies out of space and time.But as you know and as I know, there is no riddles.

    曾经有个年轻人，他想把世界简化到纯粹的逻辑里。因为他非常聪明，也确实做到了。他在完成时，回首看着、欣赏着。一个非常美丽，摒除了不完美和不确定的新世界，象闪耀的冰面无边无际的延伸到天边。那个聪明的年轻人环视他所创造的世界，决定探索它。可是当他向前迈出第一步，立即摔倒了。你看，他忘了摩擦力。冰面平坦光滑，洁净无瑕，但是人无法在上面行走。聪明的年轻人坐在那里不禁流下心碎的眼泪。
　　
　　当他成长为一个智慧的老人时，他开始理解粗糙和混沌并不是缺陷，世界就是因此而运转。他想奔跑舞蹈，顿时语言失去光泽，模糊不清；世界支离破碎，散落一地。智慧的老人知道这就是事物的本来面目。但在他的内心依然怀念着那纯净的世界，那里的一切闪耀着纯粹的光芒。虽然他甚至已经日渐喜欢那坑坑洼洼的地面，但无法让自己在那里安顿下来。现在他在地面和冰面之间徘徊，哪里都不是他的归宿。这是他所有悲痛的来由。
　　
　　
　　---Derek Jarman <Wittgenstein>

在这部影片中贾曼利用舞台和电影的结合的方式，一种怪诞的戏剧氛围描述了著名分析哲学家、逻辑学家、语言学家维特根斯坦的一生和他的哲学观点。影片前半段简要叙述了维特根斯坦早期充满戏剧性的个人经历，而在维特根斯坦重返剑桥之后，电影主要截取了维特根斯坦前后哲学观点转换时期的生活为主要叙述事件，结合他同性倾向和卓然不群的性格，体现了他在现实之中不断追求形而上的理想的孤傲精神。维特根斯坦在早期《逻辑哲学论》中讲世界结构与命题结构归结于一种具有相同逻辑结构的图式，从而揭示人们通过语言命题认识世界的方式。之后，维特根斯坦又根据本体论的角度指出了语言的自我界限以及人的意志和对世界体验的神秘主义特性。然而，在对哲学问题进行了痛苦思考之后，维特根斯坦放弃了曾经“语言是世界图式”的主张，而提出了日常语言分析哲学的“语言-游戏”理论，并要求对语言的分析必须将语言置入特定的用法环境才能显示它的特定含义。联系日常语言分析，维特根斯坦通过纠正对语言的误解来消除哲学问题，他认为哲学困境的产生在于人们混淆的使用了不同性质的语言而造成的逻辑和意义上的误解。导演德吕克·贾曼在1993年拍摄了《维特根斯坦》和《蓝》，并随后死于艾滋病。